Various different forms of hallucination exist, with some involving voices that can be heard and others involving non-existent smells or tastes. Hallucinations are a common […]
Chronic Idiopathic Constipation (CIC) Diagnosis
There is a lack of consensus on the definition of ‘chronic idiopathic constipation' (CIC). This makes diagnosis a challenge. Working definition of chronic idiopathic constipation […]
Evolutionary Immunology
Evolutionary immunology studies the evolution of immunity and the immune system over ages among animals and plants. The main areas of study include: the study […]
What is Alport Syndrome?
Alport syndrome (AS) is a disease caused by abnormal collagen formation, which occurs in about 1 in 50,000 newborns. It affects both males and females, […]
Vulva Structures
The vulva is the external genitalia in the female reproductive system. Broadly the anatomical structures of vulva include: The lips of the vulvar opening – […]
Defibrillator Types
Several types of defibrillators are used to deliver electric currents to the heart muscles and correct abnormal and life threatening heart rhythms. The four main […]
What is Dialysis?
Dialysis is a treatment method that replicates the function of the kidneys when they are failing. In healthy individuals, the kidneys work to filter and […]
Typhoid Prevention
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening bacterial infection that affects many organs throughout the body. The condition occurs through infection with the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, a […]
Ataxia Treatment
Ataxia has no cure. There are no medications that can specifically treat and cure the symptoms of ataxias. However, medications may ease the symptoms by […]
What is Spondylolisthesis?
Spondylolisthesis describes the anterior displacement of a vertebra or the vertebral column in relation to the vertebrae below. It was first described in 1782 by […]
Exostosis / Osteoma – Benign Overgrowth of Pre-Existing Bone
An exostosis, also called an osteoma, is a benign overgrowth of a pre-existing bone. It forms during the active growth stage. In the majority of […]
Motile Sperm Cells
A sperm is the male reproductive cell. The full name for a sperm that has a single flagellum (or "tail") to propel it along, is […]
Type 1 Diabetes Prevention
In type 1 diabetes, the cells of the immune system mistake the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas for foreign bodies and launches an immune […]
Antibody Function
Antibodies play an important role in the immune system. The immunoglobulins present on the B-lymphocyte surface send in signals to the cytoplasmic and nuclear electors. […]