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SAN FRANCISCO — Along with first responders, healthcare workers in pulmonary and critical care have borne the brunt of the COVID-19 pandemic, and it’s not surprising that a large proportion have suffered from burnout, a syndrome characterized by chronic workplace stress, emotional exhaustion, cynicism about the job, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment.
“Prior to the pandemic, 50% of providers reported burnout, and that, of course, has been exacerbated, with recent surveys showing up to 80% of healthcare workers reporting burnout,” said Sangeeta Joshi, MD, from the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.
In a randomized clinical trial, Joshi and colleagues showed that transcendental meditation (TM) can significantly improve burnout symptoms of emotional exhaustion, anxiety, and insomnia compared with other interventions, albeit without significant improvement in acute psychological distress.
Joshi reported the results of the trial here at the American Thoracic Society (ATS) 2022 International Conference.
Mind-Body Intervention
TM, popularized in the 1960s by the Beatles and their guru, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, is a nonpharmacologic mind-body intervention that has been shown to reduce sympathetic arousal and to promote a state of relaxation, Joshi said.
Although the mechanism of action is not fully understood, proposed explanations for its efficacy include increased alpha coherence, as seen on electroencephalography, and increases in blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, as visualized on functional MRI.
TM has been shown to be effective for reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans and for reducing stress and burnout symptoms in teachers, Joshi noted.
Randomized Trial
To see whether TM could make a difference for healthcare providers, Joshi and colleagues screened candidates for burnout with the single-item Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scales and digital autonomic reactivity, a measure of the depth of physiologic stimulus.
Their study included 80 eligible participants, who were randomly assigned to receive either TM or treatment as usual.
The participaants who received the intervention were assigned to attend four TM instruction sessions over 4 consecutive days, followed by four virtual follow-up sessions over the 3-month period. The investigators hypothesized that these participants would have significant improvements in symptoms of burnout over baseline compared with those assigned to standard treatments. Participants who underwent the intervention were encouraged to perform TM at home for 20 minutes twice each day.
Participants were evaluated at baseline and at 3-month follow-up with the Brief Symptom Inventory–18 (BSI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)–25.
At baseline, 70% of all participants reported a history of visiting a psychiatrist or other mental health worker, and 91% reported onset of a mental health condition. Only 30% reported that they had had a mental health condition that resolved with treatment.
At 3 months, there were significant improvements over baseline in the TM group compared with the treatment-as-usual group for the MBI emotional exhaustion item (P = .005), insomnia (P = .029), and anxiety (P = .010). There was trend toward significance on the PHQ-9 (P = .057), but no significant difference in the Global Severity Index (the total score of BSI items).
There were improvements in both study arms in both the MBI professional accomplishment item and in the CD-RISC scale, but the between-group differences were not significant.
The results show that “TM is a feasible, efficacious intervention in healthcare workers, especially during a pandemic,” Joshi said.
Future studies of TM in this setting should expand the number of participants and recruitment sites so as to have the necessary power to detect statistically significant changes in the numerical scales, she said.
Integrating TM Into Employee Wellness
“These results are really encouraging,” commented Seppo Rinne, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine, in Massachusetts, who co-moderated the oral abstract session in which the data were presented but was not involved in the study.
Commenting on the fact that TM is not more widely offered as part of a package of services for treating employees with symptoms of burnout, he noted that “in the burnout literature, we have a tendency to dichotomize these individual vs organizational interventions, and the reality is that they are probably more integrated, and it’s not really helpful for us to think about these as totally separate.
“We need organizational interventions that support individual wellness,” he said.
The trial was sponsored by Duke University. Joshi and Rinne reported no relevant financial relationships.
American Thoracic Society (ATS) 2022 International Conference: Abstract A3690. Presented May 17, 2022.
Neil Osterweil, an award-winning medical journalist, is a long-standing and frequent contributor to Medscape.
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